ABSTRACT
Shanghai is one of the cities with the highest economic level in China. Environmental health in Shanghai has always been a national pilot and at the forefront of the country. After 70 years of development, Shanghai has established a public health monitoring network for major environmental health issues. The main line of research work has turned to be on health risk assessment, exposure-health effect, and the relationship between environment and population health. This article reviews the achievements and problems of in various aspects of environmental health in the past 70 years, including drinking water, the atmosphere, public places, rural environments, emergency handling and featured researches. It provides reference for the development of environmental health in the future.
ABSTRACT
Dioxin, a persistent organic pollutant, is also a typical environmental endocrine disruptor.With its strong toxicity, it can persist in the environment and be enriched through the food chain.Therefore, it has attracted wide attention in recent years.In this paper, the pollution status of dioxins in the atmosphere is summarized, the risk of respiratory exposure to dioxins is introduced, the possible health effects of human exposure to dioxins are summarized, and suggestions for future control are put forward.In cities and functional areas with high dioxin concentration, long-term inhalation of pollutants has potential risks for people′s health and life span.It is suggested to carry out orderly classification of waste, track and monitor the health status of residents around the waste incinerator, and to establish relevant emission standards and limits, so as to gradually standardize and make the dioxin emission harmless.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To estimate the benchmark dose for osteoporosis caused by cadmium exposure in a Chinese general population with an epidemiological study.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The inhabitants living in both cadmium polluted and non-polluted areas served as the exposure group and the control group. Urinary cadmium (UCd) and Blood cadmium (BCd) were used as exposure biomarkers while the Z score was used as effect biomarker for the osteoporosis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The UCd and BCd in the habitants of the polluted areas were significantly higher than those in the habitants of the control area on average (P < 0.05) and the UCd and BCd in the habitants of the highly polluted areas were significantly higher than those in the habitants of the moderately polluted area on average (P < 0.05). The bone mineral density was significantly decreased in the groups of the highest UCd and BCd level compared with the 5 microg/g Cr group with the significant difference (P < 0.05). The morbidity of the osteoporosis would increase significantly with the increase of the cadmium exposure (P < 0.05) with the linear correlation (P < 0.05). BMDs were calculated using BMDS Version l.3.2 software and BMDLs were also determined. The BMDL of UCd for cadmium-induced osteoporosis was higher than those representing cadmium-induced renal dysfunction.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>High level of cadmium exposure can induce osteoporosis, which occurs later than renal damage related to cadmium exposure. The BMD is a practical method.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Bone Density , Cadmium , Metabolism , China , Epidemiology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Environmental Exposure , Osteoporosis , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Based on two sets of data from occupational epidemiology, Benchmark dose (BMD) was applied to estimate biological exposure limit (BEL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cadmium exposed workers were selected from a cadmium smelting and a zinc products factory and control group was selected from doctors or nurses and staff from shops living in the same area; Urinary cadmium (UCd) was used as exposure biomarker and urinary beta(2) microglobulin (UBM), NAG (UNAG) and albumin (UALB) were as effect biomarkers. All urine parameters were adjusted by urinary creatinine. Software of BMDS (Version 1.3.2, EPA.U.S) was used to calculate BMD.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Calculated abnormal prevalence was based on the upper limit of 95% of effect biomarkers in control group; There are significant dose response relationship between the prevalence of effect biomarkers (UBM, UNAG and UALB) and exposure biomarker (UCd); BEL was 5 microg/g creatinine for UBM as effect biomarker, It consists with the recommendation of WHO; BEL was 3 microg/g creatinine for UNAG as effect biomarker; BEL can be estimated by using the method of BMD; the more sensitive biomarker would used, the more occupational people would protected.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The application of BMD in estimating biological exposure limit (BEL) is proper. UNAG is suggested as most sensitive biomarker to be used to estimate BEL for cadmium exposure.</p>